Climate Change
Management
Challenges, Risks,
and Impacts
Climate change is a critical global concern, evident in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 13: Climate Action) and regularly addressed at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP).
Thailand is committed to achieving the long-term goal of Net Zero GHG Emissions by 2065. This commitment is accelerating efforts for both public and private sectors to manage greenhouse gas emissions more effectively through the drafting of the National Climate Change Act, or Global Warming Act, which will take effect soon. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on national clean energy production and utilization to respond to the forthcoming changes in consumption patterns and stakeholder expectations in the energy sector. Thaioil Group has recognized these challenges and considers them as risks and opportunities for the Company to determine the most effective targets and long-term strategies.



The Board of Directors and executive management of Thaioil Group and its subsidiaries have acknowledged the importance of steering future business towards a clean energy business and a low-carbon society. The Company has established a policy in alignment with the Paris Agreement and Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
The Company focuses on feasibility studies of new businesses, including high-value environmentally friendly products and process optimization for maximum efficiency. Moreover, the Company has determined tangible strategies and established long-term targets in line with national commitments.
Targets

GHG emission reductions (Scope 1 and 2)
2023 Target
-
Percent compared with base year
Long-term Target
15
Percent compared with the base year in 2026

GHG emissions (Scope 1 and 2)
2023 Target
Less than 3,460,000
Ton of carbon dioxide equivalents (tCO2e)
Long-term Target by 2050
Carbon Neutrality
Long-term Target by 2060
Net Zero GHG Emission

Management Approach
and Performance
Governance and Oversight
The Board of Directors conducts an annual review of corporate climate change strategies and adopts risk management process as a tool to assess climate change’s impact on future business operation. Climate risks are monitored on a quarterly basis.
The Board also tracks climate-related key performance indicators including Energy Intensity Index and Greenhouse Gas Intensity, which are part of the Corporate Key Performance Indicators, to evaluate the performance of management executives and employees.
In 2023 strategic review, the Board endorsed the Net Zero GHG Emissions Pathway 2026–2060 and considered budget and investment approach in low carbon technology, such as studying the installation of Carbon Capture technology in production unit, studying Blue and Green Hydrogen business, and studying Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production.
The Board of Directors has assigned the Corporate Governance and Sustainability Committee (Board level) to oversee and monitor the progress on a semi-annually basis. The Sustainable Development Steering Committee (Executive level), chaired by the Chief Executive Officer and President, is assigned to drive the implementation, and monitor the progress on a quarterly basis. The management of Thaioil Group are responsible for managing implementation in line with the established strategy. The “Net Zero GHG Emissions Governance Structure” is established where the Vice President of the Sustainability Function is supervising overall management. The structure consists of Strategic Planning Function, Production Function, Business Development Function, Research and Development Function, Finance Function, and Corporate Social Responsibility Function. These functions are responsible in assessing climate-related risks and opportunities, including aligning their work as per the organizational climate strategy, developing action plans and Thaioil Group’s Net Zero GHG Emissions Pathway and Roadmap, and regularly reporting performances as well as risks and opportunities management to the committees.
Level | Roles and Accountabilities | Meeting Frequency |
---|---|---|
The Board of Directors | • Oversee the corporate climate change strategies, execution roadmap and performance. | As needed |
The Corporate Governance and Sustainability Committee – Board level
| • Define and review sustainability strategy, plan, and goals, which include climate related issues.
• Oversee the setting of climate-related targets.
• Oversee and monitor the development and implementation progress of corporate climate change strategies, roadmap, and climate-related key performances. | Semi-annually |
The Sustainable Development Steering Committee – Executive level | • Drive the implementation, and monitor the progress of corporate climate change strategies, climate risks management and mitigating actions and the development of a climate transition plan.
• Review and approve the annual sustainability material topics, including climate actions along with corporate sustainability strategies.
• Review and endorse Thaioil Group’s Net Zero GHG Emissions Pathway, including the interim target to reduce GHG emissions by 15% by 2035 from the base year of 2026. This is consistent with Thaioil Group’s Carbon Neutrality target by 2050 and Net Zero GHG Emissions target by 2060.
• Steer and support various internal functions to actively participate in integrating operations towards a sustainable organization across all ESG dimensions. This included approving key sustainable development plan to achieve Thaioil Group’s sustainability targets. | Quarterly |
The “Net Zero GHG Emissions Governance Structure” | • Assess climate-related risks and opportunities, including aligning their work as per the organizational climate strategy, developing action plans and Thaioil Group’s Net Zero GHG Emissions Pathway and Roadmap, and regularly reporting performances as well as risks and opportunities management to the management, executives and Board committees. | As needed
|
Climate Strategy
Thaioil Group defines the Net Zero GHG Emissions Strategy, known as the 3Cs strategies, with the details as follows:
Participation in trade associations to drive change
Thaioil Group collaborates with PTT Group, a leading energy company in Thailand, to study and brainstorm government laws and policies supporting Net Zero GHG Emissions under the PTT Group Net Zero Task Force (PTT G-NET) working team.
This working team consists of several sub-working groups to jointly study, advocate, and propose operational approaches to achieve the target. The approaches include Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS), the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy source, increasing production potential by utilizing renewable energy to replace fossil fuels, and engaging in reforestation initiatives for the benefits of carbon credits.
Furthermore, Thaioil Group has been a member of Thailand Carbon Neutral Network (TCNN) since 2021, aiming to actively engage in public policy regarding climate change. TCNN operates under the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) with the objective of creating a network among public and private sectors to advocate for public policies that support the Carbon Neutrality and Net Zero goal in Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Thaioil Group consistently reviews and monitors TCNN’s objectives related to climate movement regularly to ensure that Thaioil Group’s climate position and net zero commitment are aligned with TCNN. In case of any misalignment between TCNN and Thaioil Group’s position in climate change policy, the Company may reconsider its membership.

Climate-related Risk and Opportunity Management
Thaioil Group has evaluated the resilience of the Net Zero GHG Emissions Strategy through a scenario analysis, as well as the business impacts of each climate change scenario. The analysis of climate-related risks and opportunities was assessed for the years 2030, 2040, and 2050. According to the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) recommendation, the analysis was conducted in 2 scenarios compared with the baseline scenario as described below:
The Transition Scenario Analysis
Thaioil Group assessed climate-related risks and opportunities by considering 4 factors, namely: regulatory; technological; market; and reputational. The two scenarios were assessed for the years 2030, 2040, and 2050 across the value chain, from upstream to downstream, as follows:
Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
This scenario represents a pathway that considers the current policies and targets announced by governments in alignment with the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement.
Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS)
This scenario represents a “well below 2°C” pathway achieved through transitioning into a low-carbon economy and meeting all current net zero pledges of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Climate-related risks and opportunities by considering 4 factors




Regulatory Risk
Risk and Opportunity


Besides, carbon pricing can pose a risk in upstream operation. Particularly, in the case that the origin country of crude oil suppliers mandates the carbon price. This could result in an increase of the Company’s raw material costs. In downstream operations, likewise, the risks of carbon pricing can be posed by the execution of the EU’s Carbon Boarder Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This may impact the prices of some petrochemical products of the Company that is exported in the European market.
With these situations, the oil industry business might face challenges in adaptation. Also, the Company may encounter the risks on higher costs and long-term shift towards clean energy. However, the government initiatives present opportunities for the Thaioil Group to formulate its business strategy. For instance, if the government advocates or offers incentives for investing in clean energy ventures, such as hydrogen production or sustainable aviation fuel, it could facilitate Thaioil Group’s adaptation to change its business landscape.
Mitigation Measures
Closely monitoring the progress of regulatory enforcement.
Conducting Sensitivity Analysis for Carbon Pricing.
Joining membership of the greenhouse gas-related associations such as Thailand Carbon Neutral Network (TCNN) and Thailand Business Council for Sustainable Development (TBCSD) to monitor the regulatory enforcements and directions for the private sector.
Monitoring the impacts of carbon prices in case of transmission from crude oil suppliers and conducting appropriate sourcing strategies.
Technological Risk
Opportunity


Mitigation Measures
Conducting feasibility study for the use of carbon capture technology in the production process.
Participating in a feasibility study of applying carbon transportation and storage in the Eastern region with PTT Group.
Seeking business opportunities in carbon utilization for commercial use.
Seeking business opportunities in blue or green hydrogen business.
Seeking business opportunities in New S-curve Business
Market Risk
Opportunity
could cause an uncertainty in business revenue. Besides, the trends of energy transition occurring in many countries may impact future markets while the growing demands of electric vehicles may disrupt the needs for oil and other fossil fuels.
Moreover, the National Electric Vehicle Policy Committee (EV Board) has announced the 30@30 policy. The goal is to produce Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) – vehicles emitting zero emissions – at least 30 percent of the total vehicle production by 2030. In 2023, the EV board issued measures to support the use of electric vehicles in Phase 2 or EV 3.5 over a 4-year period (during 2024-2027). These measures are expected to accelerate the rapid behavioural change in consumer behaviour towards ZEVs.
With the growing demand for clean and renewable energy, Thaioil Group has recognized the impacts on its product sales in both the short- and long-terms. However, the energy transition also creates opportunities for the Company to explore new business investment and new products.


Mitigation Measures
Adjusting gasoline production ratio in alignment with the decreasing demands in the future. Increasing the production efficiency of investing in diesel and aviation fuel production through Clean Fuel Project (CFP).
Adjusting the structure of business portfolio to support the future market.
Analysing the peak oil demand and consistently tracking market trends to refine the product portfolio structure accordingly.
Investing in PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk (CAP), a leading petrochemical company in Indonesia, to adjust the structure of the product portfolio towards the high-demand chemical market.
Conducting the feasibility study of biofuel.
Joining the feasibility study of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) with PTT Group.
Continuously engaging with customers to perceive their future product needs and adjusting the business strategies to focus on high-value products, specialty chemicals products, and commodity products.
Reputational Risk
Opportunity
The factors that may affect Thaioil Group deal with an insufficient action to mitigate climate-related impacts in response to the expectations of stakeholders such as societies, communities, employees, shareholders, and creditors.


Mitigation Measures
Declaring net zero GHG emissions commitment.
Developing a net zero GHG emissions pathway.
Constantly communicating on the progress.
Joining groups and organizations that promote sustainable development and national commitments.
Result of
Financial Impact Assessment
Key Risks
- Impact of carbon pricing: This results from the release of carbon dioxide equivalents emissions from the Company’s production processes. The scenario analysis has been conducted under the assumption that Thailand adopts the GHG Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), and the control capacity is referred to the volume of GHG emission by Thaioil Group for the year 2023. References to carbon prices for the years 2030 and 2050 in the Asian regions are based on the IEA World Energy Outlook 2021.
- Impact of declining demands on the Company’s products from the shift to use alternative energy (Downstream): These results are based on the demands for oil products in ASEAN, referencing the IEA World Energy Outlook 2021.
- Impact of carbon pricing from the increasing crude oil price by crude oil suppliers (Upstream): These results are based on the assumption the crude oil suppliers are affected by carbon taxes and pass on the costs to the Company’s cost at 100%.

The Physical Scenario Analysis
Thaioil Group assessed physical risks of both acute and chronic impacts from rising global temperature. The scenario analysis has been conducted for the years 2030, 2040, 2050 across supply chain, from upstream to downstream. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), an internationally recognized climate model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has been applied in two scenarios as follows:
The RCP 2.6 scenario represents a stringent greenhouse gas reduction measure.
The RCP 8.5 scenario represents a rapid increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate-related risks and opportunities by considering 2 factors


Water Scarcity
Risk



Mitigation Measures
To balance between business interests and stakeholders’ expectations, Thaioil Group has agreed with government agencies to give importance to the community as the first priority during water shortages. This is to ensure the surrounding communities have adequate water irrigation for agriculture and consumption for their daily needs before any allocation to Thaioil Group. Furthermore, Thaioil Group has established a “Long-term Water Supply Strategy 2023–2033” to ensure water security and reduce the risk of water scarcity that may impact both business operations and future expansion projects. Thaioil Group’s water management is summarized as follows:
At the present, Thaioil Group uses two types of water. The seawater is processed to freshwater through the Thermal Desalination unit. The raw water is sourced from two different water distributors namely the Bang Phra Reservoir, which is operated by the Royal Irrigation Department, and the Nong Kho Reservoir, which is operated by the Eastern Water Resources Development and Management Public Company Limited. Both water distributors operate integrated water systems alongside Thaioil Group through aligning practices with government policies or the local context of shared water use in the area. This is to ensure adequate water supply within Thaioil Group’s production processes, such as the cooling tower system, demineralization for steam production, and other production processes. The Company consistently improves and monitors water quality to exceed the required standards before discharging into the environment. To further minimize the impacts on the ecosystem, the circular economy and 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principles are adopted in water management to maximize the utilization efficiency.
There are ongoing feasibility study projects under the “Long-term Water Supply Strategy 2023–2033” as follows:
1. A study project on installing additional desalination units from six existing units. This project aims to increase the proportion of water consumption from seawater, which is considered an unlimited natural resource, to replace freshwater consumption, which is considered a limited natural resource.
2. A study project on the recycled wastewater from the water treatment plant.
3. A study project on reverse osmosis system for recycling wastewater.
4. A study project on Pattaya wastewater recycle to reuse wastewater in the urban communities.
Moreover, under construction project is as follows:
A raw water utilization project from the private pond
Other Physical
Risks


Mitigation Measures
Predicting and monitoring cyclone events and relevant warning system.
Preparing the production and delivery of products plan in advance before offshore cyclone occurs.
Reviewing and developing emergency measures to prevent cyclone-related harm.
Result of
Financial Impact Assessment
Key Risk
- Impact of water shortage: In case that the government sector reduces water supply to the Company by 10%, the Company must align its investments with the Long-term Water Supply Strategy. The Company is required to consider increasing the volume of freshwater from private sources and freshwater production from seawater by the Thermal Desalination Unit. Additionally, the Company needs to prepare the water reservation plan in appropriate areas to provide adequate water in the production process. However, these measures could increase production cost.
- Impact of offshore cyclone events: The Company’s revenue could decline from the cyclone event, particularly in the case that the Company is unable to deliver the products through marine freight during the offshore cyclone event. Also, pre and post-cyclone events could disrupt the production process. In the pre-cyclone event, the Company must ensure worker safety and prevent damage to machinery and equipment. In the post-cyclone event, workplace inspections need to be conducted before operating the business as usual.

2023
Performances
To achieve Thaioil Group’s Net Zero GHG Emissions target, the Company has implemented projects to reduce the direct GHG emissions in the production process. The performance of Thaioil Group in 2023 is outlined as follows:
Reduction of Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Scope 1)
(Scope 1)



Solar Rooftop at Thaioil’s Buildings Project
Thaioil Group has participated in the Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER), organized by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) under the project “Solar Rooftop at Thaioil’s Buildings.”

239-MW Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project
Thaioil Group has participated in the Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER) organized by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) under the project “239-MW

Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects
The Low Emission Supporting Scheme (LESS) project, implemented through energy conservation activities aimed at improving energy efficiency within the Thai Oil Group
With the GHG management described above, Thaioil Group has controlled methane emissions at the set target. A significant portion of methane emissions originates from the same source as the other greenhouse gases.
The Thai Oil Group has set long-term, medium-term, and annual targets. The annual targets are evaluated based on the energy consumption of the business plan for each year. Through the implementation of energy efficiency improvement projects in the production process in 2024, the Thai Oil Group is expected to achieve its greenhouse gas emissions target for Scope 1, as outlined, as follows:

Reduction of Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Scope 2)
Thaioil Group has indirect greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 2) from the purchased electricity with the total of 30,753 ton carbon dioxide equivalents (tCO2e) or 0.88% of greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 1 and 2), which meets the target for greenhouse gas emissions under Scope 2, set at no more than 90,000 tons of CO2 equivalent.
Since 2023, we expanded our reporting boundary to include indirect greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 2). As Sriracha operations is accounted significant with emissions utilities, and office in Sriracha, enhanced by our increased use of renewable energy, including electricity purchased from TSB and EBC’s solar rooftop.


Reduction of Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Scope 3)
Indirect GHG management (Scope 3) from Thaioil Group’s supply chain is summarized as follows:
Studied and created opportunities to increase the value of waste disposed to landfill. The 3Rs method were adopted to control and reduce GHG emissions. In 2024, Thaioil Group successfully maintained zero waste to landfill performance against the set target.
Conducted risks assessment and developed plans to minimize ocean loss during the transportation. The product loading system through pipeline was also designed by the Energy and Loss Committee to reduce GHG emissions from the production and transportation system both land and sea.
Promoted the procurement of environmentally friendly products and services from partners. Moreover, the Company organized “Thaioil CE WE GO (Thaioil Circular Economy) project” to increase waste value through upcycling initiatives, such as upcycling plastic waste into QSHE shirts for employees and contractors, upcycling food waste into fertilizer, and others.
Sold the low-carbon products to reduce downstream GHG emissions of users from gasohol, biodiesel, and bioethanol.
Green Product Category | Product Sold by Thaioil Group | Company | Sales Value (Million THB) | Sales Volume |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bio-based product
| Ethanol from cassava
| Thaioil Ethanol Company Limited (TET) | 1,715.70 | 56.40 million litres
|
Ethanol 99.5% (from cassava and corn)
| TOPNEXT International Company Limited (TX) | 1.79 | 41.69 tons
| |
Biodegradable Product
| Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) | LABIX Company Limited (LABIX) | 7,633.46 | 150,437.71 tons |
Heavy Alkyl Benzene (HAB) | 76.59 | 2,197.27 tons
| ||
Compostable Product | Cleaning products (KEEEN)
| TOPNEXT International Company Limited (TX) | 0.61 | 3.50 tons
|
Products that reduce emissions released to the environment (Emission Reduction)
| Benzene-free solvents, including:
| TOPNEXT International Company Limited (TX) | ||
– TOPSol BF: Benzene Free | 51.60 | 1,038.58 tons | ||
– Xylene (Isomer): Low Ethylbenzene | 1,108.31 | 32,737.58 tons | ||
– Methyl Cyclohexane (MCH) | TOP Solvent (Vietnam) Limited liability Company (TSV) | 2.88 | 53.32 tons | |
Solvents with low concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TOPSol A 150 ND: Low PAHs)
| TOPNEXT International Company Limited (TX) | 44.69 | 678.14 tons
| |
Rubber oils (TDAE, TRAE, AROS) with PCA content below the international limit-thus non-carcinogenic and does not cause genetic mutation in humans.
| Thai Lube Base Public Company Limited (TLB) | 2,922.23 | 89,675.00 tons
| |
Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (LSFO or Fuel Oil IMO) with sulfur content at 0.5% or below
| Thai Oil Public Company Limited (TOP) | 2,885.66 | 152.83 million litres
| |
Products with lower GHG emissions than products of the same group in the market (Avoided GHG Emission Product)
| Cyclopentane CP80 and CP97, which are agents that can replace use of CFCs and HCFCs | TOPNEXT International Company Limited (TX) | 14.92 | 194.90 ตัน |
Gasohol
| Thai Oil Public Company Limited (TOP) | 45,209.92 | 1,434.66 million litres
| |
Biodiesel
| 122,554.67 | 4,535.29 million litres
|


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Update : February 2024